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사용자:구순돌/연습장/미연방교도소국

< 사용자:구순돌 | 연습장
구순돌/연습장/미연방교도소국
워싱턴 D.C.에 있는 연방교도소 본부가 있는 연방주택대출은행 건물이다.

미연방교도소국 (Federal Bureau of Prisons, BOP), 미국 연방법 집행 기관은 미국 법무부 산하 연방법 집행 기관으로, 연방 범죄를 저지른 수감자의 보호, 양육 및 통제를 담당한다.

역사

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The federal prison system had existed for more than 30 years before the BOP was established. Although its wardens functioned almost autonomously, the Superintendent of Prisons, a Department of Justice official in Washington, was nominally in charge of federal prisons.[1] The passage of the "Three Prisons Act" in 1891 authorized the first three federal penitentiaries: USP Leavenworth, USP Atlanta, and USP McNeil Island with limited supervision by the Department of Justice.[2]

Until 1907, prison matters were handled by the Justice Department General Agent, with responsibility for Justice Department accounts, oversight of internal operations, and certain criminal investigations, as well as prison operations. In 1907, the General Agent was abolished, and its functions were distributed between three new offices: the Division of Accounts (which evolved into the Justice Management Division); the Office of the Chief Examiner (which evolved in 1908 into the Bureau of Investigation, and in the early 1920s into the Federal Bureau of Investigation); and the Office of the Superintendent of Prisons and Prisoners, later called the Superintendent of Prisons (which evolved in 1930 into the Bureau of Prisons).

 
밀라노 연방교도소의 외관

The Bureau of Prisons was established within the Department of Justice on May 14, 1930 by the United States Congress,[3] and was charged with the "management and regulation of all Federal penal and correctional institutions."[4] This responsibility covered the administration of the 11 federal prisons in operation at the time. By the end of 1930, the system had expanded to 14 institutions with 13,000 inmates, and a decade later in 1940, the system had 24 institutions with 24,360 incarcerated.

The state of Alaska assumed jurisdiction over its corrections on January 3, 1959, using the Alaska Department of Corrections; prior to statehood, the BOP had correctional jurisdiction over Alaska.[5]

As a result of the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 and subsequent legislation which pushed for longer sentences, less judicial discretion, and harsher sentences for drug-related offenses, the federal inmate population doubled in the 1980s and again in the 1990s. The population increase decelerated in the early 2000s, but the population continued to increase until 2014.[6] [7]

The National Capital Revitalization and Self-Government Improvement Act of 1997 transferred responsibility for adult felons convicted of violating District of Columbia laws to the BOP.

관리 및 직원

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The current director of the Bureau of Prisons is Michael Carvajal.[8][9]

As of 2020, 62.5% of Bureau employees are white, 21.3% are black, 12.6% are Hispanic, 2.3% are Asian and 1.3% are Native American. 72% are male.[10] There is roughly one corrections officer for every 10 prisoners.[11]

All BOP employees undergo 200 hours of formal training in their first year of employment and an additional 120 hours of training at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers (FLETC) in Glynco, Georgia.[12]

연방 교도소의 종류

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미국 연방수감자 의료센터, 치료가 필요한 남성수감자 시설

The BOP has five security levels:

  • Federal Prison Camps (FPCs), the BOP minimum-security facilities, feature a lack of or a limited amount of perimeter fencing, and a relatively low staff-to-inmate ratio.
  • Low-security Federal Correctional Institutions (FCIs) have double-fenced perimeters, and inmates live in mostly cubicle or dormitory housing.
  • Medium-security FCIs and some United States Penitentiaries (USPs) are classified to hold medium-security inmates. The medium facilities have strengthened perimeters, which often consist of double fences with electronic detection systems. Medium-security facilities mostly have cell housing.
  • Most U.S. Penitentiaries are classified as high-security facilities. The perimeters, highly secured, often have reinforced fences or walls.
  • Federal Correctional Complexes (FCCs) are co-locations of BOP facilities with different security levels and/or genders.[13]
  • Administrative Security Facilities are prisons with special missions and capabilities. An example would be Federal Medical Centers, which house sick and injured inmates getting medical care that is beyond the capabilities of a normal institution.

Some units have small, adjacent, minimum-security "satellite camps". Twenty-eight institutions hold female inmates. 2010년 기준, about 15% of Bureau inmates are in facilities operated by third parties, mostly private companies, whilst others are in local and state facilities. Some are in privately operated Residential Reentry Centers (RRC) or Community Corrections Centers. The Bureau uses contract facilities to manage its own prison population because they are "especially useful" for housing low-security, specialized groups of people, such as sentenced criminal aliens.[14]

교도관

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BOP에서 교정관은 BOP 교도소와 수감자를 보호하고 돌보는 제복의 연방 공무원이다. BOP에는 특수작전대응팀과 교란통제팀이 있다.

재소자 인구

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과거 수감자 총계[15]
FY 인구 변화
2000 145,125 +11,436
2001 156,572 +11,447
2002 163,436 +6,864
2003 172,499 +9,063
2004 179,895 +7,396
2005 187,394 +7,499
2006 192,584 +5,190
2007 200,020 +7,436
2008 201,668 +1,648
2009 208,759 +7,091
2010 210,227 +1,468
2011 217,768 +7,541
2012 218,687 +919
2013 219,298 +611
2014 214,149 -5,149
2015 205,723 -8,426
2016 192,170 -13,553
2017 185,617 -6,553
2018 181,698 -3,919
2019 177,214 -4,484

As of 2021, the Bureau was responsible for approximately 131,040 inmates,[15] in 122 facilities.[16] 57.9% of inmates were white, 38.2% were black, 2.5% native American, and 1.5% Asian; 93.3% were male.[17] 30.4% were of Hispanic ethnicity, which may be any of these four races.[18] 75% of inmates were between the ages of 26 and 50.[19]

1999년 기준, 14,000 prisoners were in 16 federal prisons in the state of Texas.[20]

2010년 기준, almost 8,000 felons in 90 facilities, sentenced under D.C. laws, made up about 6% of the total Bureau population.[21]

As of August 2020, 46.2% of inmates were incarcerated for drug offenses.[22]

The BOP receives all prisoner transfer treaty inmates sent from foreign countries, even if their crimes would have been tried in state, DC, or territorial courts if committed in the United States.[23]

기품없는 여자

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As of 2015, 27 Bureau facilities house women. The Bureau has a Mothers and Infants Nurturing Together (MINT) program for women who enter the system as inmates while pregnant. The Bureau pays for abortion only if it is life-threatening for the woman, but it may allow for abortions in non-life-threatening cases if non-BOP funds are used.[24]

In 2017, four Democratic Senators, including Kamala Harris, introduced a bill explicitly requiring tampons and pads to be free for female prisoners. In August 2017, the Bureau introduced a memorandum requiring free tampons and pads. The previous 1996 memorandum stated "products for female hygiene needs shall be available" without requiring them to be free of charge.[25]

A 2018 review by the Evaluation and Inspections Division, Office of the Inspector General, U.S. Department of Justice, found the Bureau's programming and policy decisions did not fully consider the needs of female inmates in the areas of trauma treatment programming, pregnancy programming, and feminine hygiene.[26]

소년수

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2010년 기준 typically juveniles sent into Bureau custody are between 17 and 20, must have been under 18 at the time of the offense and had been convicted of sex-related offenses. This is because the most severe crimes committed on Indian Reservations are usually taken to federal court. According to the Bureau, most of the juveniles it receives had committed violent crimes and had "an unfavorable history of responding to interventions and preventive measures in the community." As of that year most federal juvenile inmates were from Arizona, Montana, South Dakota, Nebraska, and the District of Columbia (in no particular order).[27]

The Bureau contracts with facilities that house juvenile offenders. Title 18, U.S.C. 5039 specifies that "No juvenile committed...may be placed or retained in an adult jail or correctional institution in which he has regular contact with adults incarcerated because they have been convicted of a crime or are awaiting trial on criminal charges." The definition includes secure facilities and community-based correctional facilities. Federally sentenced juveniles may be moved into federal adult facilities at certain points; juveniles sentenced as adults are moved into adult facilities when they turn 18. Juveniles sentenced as juveniles are moved into adult facilities when they turn 21.[28]

사형수

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United States Penitentiary, Terre Haute, the location of the federal death row for men and the federal execution chamber

The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 reinstituted the federal death penalty.[29] On July 19, 1993, the federal government designated the United States Penitentiary, Terre Haute in Indiana as the site where male federal inmates sentenced to death would be held and where federal inmates of both genders would be executed. The Federal Medical Center, Carswell in Texas holds the female inmates who have been sentenced to death.

Some male death row inmates are instead held at ADX Florence,[30] and one in MCFP Springfield.[출처 필요]

As of January 16th, 2020, 49 federal inmates are on death row.[31] Under the Trump administration, the BOP carried out 13 executions.[32] Public health experts called for a delay in the executions, warning that they could be "superspreader" events. By February 2021, an increase of COVID-19 cases was most likely linked to BOP executions.[33]

인구과잉 및 응답

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Parole was abolished for federal inmates in 1987 and inmates must serve at least 85% of their original sentence before being considered for good-behavior release.[출처 필요] In addition, the current, extremely strict, sentencing guidelines were adopted in response to rising crime rates in the 1980s and early 1990s, especially for drug-related offenses.[34][35] Violent crime in the U.S. has dropped since then, but some analysts and activists believe that other factors played a much more significant part in falling crime rates. In addition, they hold that strict federal sentencing guidelines have led to overcrowding and needlessly incarcerated thousands of non-violent drug offenders who would be better served by drug treatment programs.[36]

The yearly increases in the federal inmate population have raised concerns from criminal justice experts and even among DOJ officials themselves. Michael Horowitz, the DOJ Inspector General, wrote a memorandum concerning this issue:

“ First, despite a slight decrease in the total number of federal inmates in fiscal year (FY) 2014, the Department projects that the costs of the federal prison system will continue to increase in the years ahead, consuming a large share of the Department’s budget.

Second, federal prisons remain significantly overcrowded and therefore face a number of important safety and security issues.[37]

”

코로나19 범유행

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By July 30, 2020, there were 2,910 federal inmates and 500 BOP staff who had confirmed positive test results for COVID-19 during the nationwide COVID-19 pandemic. 7312 inmates and 683 staff have recovered. There have been 99 federal inmate deaths and two BOP staff member deaths attributed to COVID-19.[38]

The BOP conducted executions during the pandemic that reportedly did not adhere to physical distancing rules, leading to criticism that the BOP was facilitating "superspreader" events. Staff reportedly refused to wear face masks, a violation of court orders, and knowingly withheld information about confirmed COVID-19 diagnoses from people who had interacted with infected individuals along with hindering contact tracing efforts and allowing staff members who had been exposed to COVID-19 to refuse testing and work. Public health experts called for a delay in executions, as they could not be carried out safely without risking the spread of COVID-19.[33]

같이 보기

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 United States 포털
 Politics 포털
  • 미국의 연방 범죄
  • 미국 연방 교도소 목록
  • 미국의 투옥
  • 미국 연방법 집행 기관 목록
  • 국립 교정 연구소
  • 연방 교도소 산업 (UNICOR)

각주

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  1. ↑ John W. Roberts (1997). “The Federal Bureau of Prisons: Its Mission, Its History, and Its Partnership with Probation and Pretrial Services”. 《Federal Probation》 61: 53. ISSN 0014-9128. OCLC 2062391. 
  2. ↑ Bosworth, Mary (2002). 《The U.S. Federal Prison System》. SAGE. 4쪽. ISBN 978-0761923046. 
  3. ↑ Pub.L. 71–218, 46 Stat. 325, 1930년 5월 14일 제정
  4. ↑ “Statutory Authority to Contract With the Private Sector for Secure Facilities”. US Department of Justice. 2010년 2월 9일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2013년 11월 17일에 확인함. 
  5. ↑ "History of Lemon Creek Correctional Center" (Archive). Alaska Department of Corrections. Retrieved on December 13, 2015.
  6. ↑ Delgado, Marlo (July 2016). “Federal Bureau of Prisons”. 《JailData.com》. 2016년 9월 13일에 확인함. 
  7. ↑ "[1]"
  8. ↑ “BOP: New Director Appointed”. 《www.bop.gov》. 
  9. ↑ “BOP: Michael Carvajal, Director”. 《www.bop.gov》. 2022년 6월 8일에 확인함. 
  10. ↑ “Staff Statistics”. 《Federal Bureau of Prisons》. US Department of Justice. 2020년 5월 2일. 2020년 1월 23일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2020년 5월 2일에 확인함. 
  11. ↑ Reilly, Steve (2018년 5월 6일). “Prison violence rises as budgets slashed”. 《USA Today》. 1A, 2A면. 2018년 8월 13일에 확인함. 
  12. ↑ “World-class correctional instruction”. 《Federal Bureau of Prisons: About Our Facilities》. US Department of Justice. 2020년 4월 12일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2015년 11월 2일에 확인함. 
  13. ↑ "Prison Types & General Information 보관됨 9월 15, 2012 - 웨이백 머신." Federal Bureau of Prisons. Retrieved May 21, 2010.
  14. ↑ "CI Rivers Contact Information." Federal Bureau of Prisons. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
  15. ↑ 가 나 “Population Statistics”. Federal Bureau of Prisons. 2020년 4월 28일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 3월 14일에 확인함. 
  16. ↑ “BOP: Our Locations”. 《www.bop.gov》. 2020년 4월 28일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2020년 5월 2일에 확인함. 
  17. ↑ “BOP Statistics: Inmate Race”. 《Federal Bureau of Prisons》. US Department of Justice. 2021년 8월 9일. 2021년 8월 9일에 확인함. 
  18. ↑ “BOP Statistics: Inmate Ethnicity”. 《Federal Bureau of Prisons》. US Department of Justice. 2021년 8월 9일. 2021년 8월 9일에 확인함. 
  19. ↑ “BOP Statistics: Average Inmate Age”. 《www.bop.gov》. 2018년 4월 16일에 확인함. 
  20. ↑ Tedford, Deborah. "Opening of U.S. detention center delivers some much-needed space." Houston Chronicle. October 16, 1999. p. A35 MetFront. NewsBank Record: 3171576. Available from the Houston Public Library. "Sixteen of the nation's 94 federal prisons are in Texas and house 14,000 convicts, Marler said."
  21. ↑ Fornaci, Philip (Director of the DC Prisoners' Project). "Federal Bureau of Prisons Oversight Hearing" (Archive). Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security. U.S. House of Representatives Committee on the Judiciary. July 21, 2009. Retrieved on February 5, 2016.
  22. ↑ “BOP Statistics: Inmate Offenses”. 《www.bop.gov》. 2016년 12월 10일에 확인함. 
  23. ↑ "Transfer Of State Prisoners." United States Department of Justice. Retrieved on April 14, 2016.
  24. ↑ "Female offenders." Federal Bureau of Prisons. Retrieved on December 13, 2015.
  25. ↑ Tolan, Casey (2017년 8월 11일). “Bureau of Prisons requires free tampons for female inmates, following Harris bill”. 《Mercury News》. 2017년 8월 12일에 확인함. 
  26. ↑ 《Review of the Federal Bureau of Prisons' Management of Its Female Inmate Population》. Washington, DC: Office of the Inspector General, U.S. Department of Justice, Evaluation and Inspections Division. September 2018. 2018년 9월 22일에 확인함. 
  27. ↑ "Juveniles in the Bureau". Federal Bureau of Prisons. Retrieved on January 1, 2010.
  28. ↑ "Community Corrections FAQs 보관됨 12월 2, 2010 - 웨이백 머신." Federal Bureau of Prisons. Retrieved September 14, 2010.
  29. ↑ "The Bureau Celebrates 80th Anniversary 보관됨 5월 28, 2010 - 웨이백 머신 ." Federal Bureau of Prisons. May 14, 2010. Retrieved on October 3, 2010.
  30. ↑ Sargent, Hillary; Dwyer, Dialynn (2015년 7월 17일). “Tsarnaev moved to supermax prison. Here's how he'll live”. 《Boston Globe》. 2015년 9월 1일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2015년 12월 13일에 확인함. 
  31. ↑ “BOP Statistics: Sentences Imposed”. 《www.bop.gov》. 2020년 12월 12일에 확인함. 
  32. ↑ Michael Tarm & Michael Kunzelman, Trump administration carries out 13th and final execution, Associated Press (January 15, 2021).
  33. ↑ 가 나 “AP analysis: Federal executions likely a COVID superspreader”. 《AP NEWS》. 2021년 2월 5일. 2021년 2월 6일에 확인함. 
  34. ↑ “Federal Bureau of Prisons – Statistics”. 《Federal Bureau of Prisons》. US Department of Justice. 2015년 11월 2일. 2015년 11월 2일에 확인함. 
  35. ↑ La Vigne, Nancy; Samuels, Julie (2012년 12월 12일). “The Growth & Increasing Cost of the Federal Prison System: Drivers and Potential Solutions” (PDF). 《urban.org》. 2015년 11월 2일에 확인함. 
  36. ↑ Schwartzapfel, Beth (2015년 7월 23일). “Federal Prisons Could Release 1,000 Times More Drug Offenders Than Obama Did”. 《The Marshall Project》. 2015년 11월 2일에 확인함. 
  37. ↑ Cohen, Andrew (2014년 11월 17일). “Obama's Prison Crisis”. 《The Marshall Project》. 2015년 11월 2일에 확인함. 
  38. ↑ “BOP: COVID-19 Update”. 《bop.gov》. Federal Bureau of Prisons. 2020년 5월 1일. 2020년 4월 29일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2020년 5월 2일에 확인함. The BOP has 128,696 federal inmates in BOP-managed institutions and 13,757 in community-based facilities. The BOP staff complement is approximately 36,000. As of 07/30/2020, there are 2910 federal inmates and 500 BOP staff who have confirmed positive test results for COVID-19 nationwide. Currently, 7312 inmates and 683 staff have recovered. There have been 99 federal inmate deaths and 1 BOP staff member deaths attributed to COVID-19 disease. 

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