사용자:이형주/포르투갈 에스쿠도

이형주/포르투갈 에스쿠도
사용국	{{{사용국}}}

틀:Ref improve

The escudo (포르투갈어 발음: [ɨʃˈkudu], shield; sign : or $\mathrm {S} \!\!\!\Vert$ ^[1]; code: PTE) was the currency of Portugal prior to the introduction of the Euro on 1 January 1999 and its removal from circulation on 28 February 2002. The escudo was subdivided into 100 centavos.

Amounts in escudos were written as escudos  centavos with the cifrão as the decimal separator (e.g. 25$00 means 25, 100$50 means 100 and 50 centavos). Because of the conversion rate of 1000 réis = 1, three decimal places were initially used (1 = 1$000).

History

The escudo was introduced on 22 May 1911, after the 1910 Republican revolution, to replace the real at the rate of 1,000 réis to 1 escudo. The term mil réis (thousand réis) remained a colloquial synonym of escudo up to the 1990s. One million réis was called one conto de réis, or simply one conto. This expression passed on to the escudo, meaning 1,000.

The escudo's value was initially set at 675$00 = 1 kg of gold. After 1914, the value of the escudo fell, being fixed in 1928 at 108$25 to the pound^{[모호한 표현]}. This was altered to 110$00 to the pound in 1931. A new rate of 27$50 escudos to the U.S. dollar was established in 1940, changing to 25$00 in 1940 and 28$75 in 1949.

Inflation throughout the 20th century made centavos essentially worthless by its end, with fractional value coins with values such as $50 or 2$50 eventually withdrawn from circulation in the 1990s. With the entry of Portugal in the Eurozone, the conversion rate to the euro was set at 200$482 to €1.

Territorial usage

The escudo was used in the Portuguese mainland, the Azores and Madeira, with no distinction of coins or banknotes. In Portugal's African colonies, the escudo was generally used up to independence, with Portuguese and sometime local coins circulating alongside banknotes of the Banco Nacional Ultramarino, rather than those of the Bank of Portugal used on the mainland. For more details, see the escudos of Angola, Cape Verde, Mozambique, Portuguese Guinea and São Tomé and Príncipe. Only Cape Verde continues use the escudo. In Macau, the currency during the colonial period was, as it is today, the pataca. Timor-Leste adopted the escudo whilst still a Portuguese colony, having earlier used the pataca. Portuguese India adopted the escudo before it was annexed by India.

Coins

Portugal: 4 centavos 1917

0$50 of 1926

200$00 of 1991

Between 1912 and 1916, silver 10, 20 and 50 centavos and 1 escudo coins were issued. Bronze 1 and 2 centavos and cupro-nickel 4 centavos were issued between 1917 and 1922.

In 1920, bronze 5 centavos and cupro-nickel 10 and 20 centavos were introduced, followed, in 1924, by bronze 10 and 20 centavos and aluminium bronze 50 centavos and 1 escudo. Aluminium bronze was replaced with cupro-nickel in 1927.

In 1932, silver coins were introduced for 2½, 5 and 10 escudos. The 2½ and 5 escudos were minted until 1951, with the 10 escudos minted until 1955 with a reduced silver content. In 1963, cupro-nickel 2½ and 5 escudos were introduced, followed by aluminium 10 centavos, bronze 20 and 50 centavos and 1 escudo in 1969. Cupro-nickel 10 and 25 escudos were introduced in 1971 and 1977, respectively. In 1986, a new coinage was introduced which circulated until replacement by the euro. It consisted of nickel-brass 1, 5 and 10 escudos, cupro-nickel 20 and 50 escudos, with bimetallic 100 and 200 escudos introduced in 1989 and 1991.

Coins in circulation at the time of the changeover to the euro were:

1 escudo (.50 cent)
5 escudos (2.49 cent)
10 escudos (4.99 cent)
20 escudos (9.98 cent)
50 escudos (24.94 cent)
100 escudos (49.88 cent)
200 escudos (99.76 cent)

Coins ceased to be exchangeable for euro on December 31, 2002.

Another name for the 50 centavos coin was coroa (crown). Long after the 50 centavos coins disappeared, people still called the 2$50 coins cinco coroas (five crowns).

Also, people still referred to escudos at the time of the changeover in multiples of the older currency real (plural reis). Many people called the 2$50 coins dois e quinhentos (two and five-hundreds), referring to the correspondence 2$50 = 2500 reis. Tostão (plural tostões) is yet another multiple of real, with 1 tostão = 10 reis.

Banknotes

The Casa da Moeda issued notes for 5, 10 and 20 centavos between 1917 and 1925 whilst, between 1913 and 1922, the Banco de Portugal introduced notes for 50 centavos, 1, 2½, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 escudos. 50 centavos and 1 escudo notes ceased production in 1920, followed by 2½, 5 and 10 escudos in 1925 and 1926. 5000 escudos notes were introduced in 1942.

The last 20 and 50 escudos notes were printed dated 1978 and 1980, respectively, with 100 escudos notes being replaced by coins in 1989, the same year that 10,000 escudos notes were introduced

Banknotes in circulation at the time of the changeover to the euro were:

500 escudos (€2.49)
1000 escudos (€4.99)
2000 escudos (€9.98)
5000 escudos (€24.94)
10,000 escudos (€49.88)

Banknotes can still be returned to the central bank Banco de Portugal and converted to euros until 28 February 2022.

Escudo banknotes celebrated notable figures from the history of Portugal. The final banknote series featured the Age of Discovery, with João de Barros, Pedro Álvares Cabral, Bartolomeu Dias, Vasco da Gama, and Henry the Navigator.

The last 100-escudo banknote represented Fernando Pessoa, the famous Portuguese writer and poet.

Banknotes of the Portuguese escudo (1995-2000 "Portuguese Seafarers & Explorers" Issue)
Image	Value	Equivalent in Euro (€)	Main Color	Obverse	Reverse	Watermark
[1]	500 escudos	€2.49	Violet and brown	João de Barros	Allegory of the Age of Discovery	João de Barros
[2]	1000 escudos	€4.99	Purple and brown	Pedro Álvares Cabral	Sailing ship, animals of Brazil	Pedro Álvares Cabral
[3]	2000 escudos	€9.98	Blue-violet and deep blue-green	Bartolomeu Dias; Cruzado coin of Dom João II	Sailing ship, compass card, map	Bartolomeu Dias
[4]	5000 escudos	€24.94	Deep olive-green and brown-violet	Vasco da Gama	Sailing ship, Vasco da Gama with authorities in Calcutta	Vasco de Gama
[5]	10,000 escudos	€49.88	Violet and dark brown	[[Henry the Navigator\|Henry the Navigator (Infante Dom Henrique)	Sailing ship	Henry the Navigator (Infante Dom Henrique)

Colloquial expressions

"Conto" was the unofficial multiple of the escudo: 1 conto meant 1000$00, 2 contos meant 2000$00 and so on. The original expression was "conto de réis", which meant "one million réis". Since the escudo was worth 1000 réis (the older currency), therefore one "conto" was the same as a thousand escudos. The expression remained in usage after the advent of th euro, albeit less often, meaning €5, roughly worth 1000 escudos.

References

↑ Similar to the dollar sign, but with two vertical strokes; also an 'E' with a long middle line and two vertical lines at the end.

External links

이전 Portuguese real	Portuguese currency 1911-1999¹	이후 Euro

^ 1999 by law, 2002 de facto.

틀:Escudo

[1] Similar to the dollar sign, but with two vertical strokes; also an 'E' with a long middle line and two vertical lines at the end.

[1]

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